{"id":11979,"date":"2012-01-05T11:47:20","date_gmt":"2012-01-05T11:47:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aidanfinn.com\/?p=11979"},"modified":"2012-01-05T11:47:20","modified_gmt":"2012-01-05T11:47:20","slug":"windows-8-hyper-v-feature-glossary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aidanfinn.com\/?p=11979","title":{"rendered":"Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V Features Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"

I\u2019m going to do my best (no guarantees) to update this page with a listing of each new<\/em> WS2012 Hyper-V (and related) feature as it is revealed by Microsoft (and that I can think of).<\/p>\n

Last updated at 19:01 on September 4th, 2012.<\/p>\n

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Feature<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Affinity rules<\/td>\nIn Failover Clustering, you can set affinity or anti-affinity rules to keep selected VMs on the same host or on different hosts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ARP\/ND Spoofing\/Poisoning Protection<\/td>\nPrevent a VM\u2019s guest OS administrator from impersonating other VMs using ARP spoofing or IPv6 Neighbour Discovery spoofing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asymmetric Hyper-V Cluster<\/a><\/td>\nA single cluster with Hyper-V and Scale Out File Server roles on dedicated nodes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BitLocker & CSV<\/a><\/td>\nUse Bitlocker to encrypt CSV to prevent data theft by disk theft.\u00a0 Uses a Cluster Name Object (CNO) for locking and unlocking CSVs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Block-Level Redirected I\/O<\/a><\/td>\nUsed for CSV storage path fault tolerance instead of normal SMB redirected IO. Still SMB 3.0 based, but it bypasses the CSV stack on the CSV Coordinator making it 2x faster.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boot From SAN<\/td>\nVMs can boot from iSCSI or Fibre Channel disks, rather than just the traditional VHD(X)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cluster Aware Updating<\/a><\/td>\nAutomate the Windows Update process for clustered hosts. It automatically places hosts in paused state and drains them of VMs, enabling hosts to be patched in order without VM downtime.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cluster Bootstrapping<\/a><\/td>\nA Windows Server 2012 Failover Cluster does not require a physical domain controller to be present.\u00a0 This allows DCs to be virtualised for SMEs and branch offices.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cluster Scalability<\/td>\nUp to 64 hosts and up to 8,000 VMs.\u00a0 Guest clusters can also be 64 nodes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cluster Scheduled Tasks<\/a><\/td>\nSchedule tasks to run on all hosts, a specific host, or the host that currently owns a VM.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cluster Shared Storage<\/a><\/td>\nA cluster requires shared storage.\u00a0 In the past it was SAS, iSCSI or Fibre Channel.\u00a0 Windows Server 2012 supports SMB 3.0 (file server or Scale Out File Server) and PCI-RAID (JBOD, mirrored Storage Spaces).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cluster Validation Wizard<\/a><\/td>\nAdds new Hyper-V tests, tests for CSV, and hardware replication awareness for multi-site clusters.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CNO and VCO Flexibility<\/a><\/td>\nYou now can intelligently place Cluster Name Objects (CNO) and Virtual Computer Objects (VCO) in desired OUs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Concurrent Live Migration<\/a><\/td>\nPerform many live migrations at once between two hosts, with the only limit being your bandwidth. The default maximums are\u00a02\u00a0 Live Migrations, and 2 Storage Live Migrations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Converged Fabrics<\/a><\/td>\nSimplified host networking by merging all of the various LAN, SAN, and cluster networks to a reduced number of teamed NICs, using features such as QoS, virtual NICs, and DCB.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CSV 2.0<\/a><\/td>\nSimpler setup. Supported for things other than Hyper-V, such as Scale Out File Server.\u00a0 Supports multi-subnets for multi-site clusters. Backup uses a single coordinated or distributed\u00a0VSS snapshot, and this removes the need for redirected I\/O for backup.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CSV Backup<\/a><\/td>\nDistributed parallel backups simplify and speed up orchestrated application consistent backups with VMs spread across many hosts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CSV Block Cache<\/a><\/td>\nDedicate a small amount of memory (e.g. 512 MB) to provide a CSV read cache.\u00a0 Memory configured per cluster.\u00a0 Then enable caching on a per CSV basis.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CSV Filter Drivers<\/a><\/td>\nIntermediate\u00a0 storage filter drivers should just work out of the box with Cluster Shared Volumes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CSVFS<\/a><\/td>\nCSV appears as CSVFS instead of NTFS in Disk Management<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Data Center Bridging<\/a><\/td>\nDCB enables better performance for very different classes networking protocols to run on the same network infrastructure, such as iSCSI and LAN.\u00a0 DCB Requires supporting NICs and switches and boosts performance of converged fabrics. Required if converging RDMA.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dedup<\/a><\/td>\nDedup can be turned on for a volume.\u00a0 It depups \u2013at rest- files.\u00a0 Great for file shares, but does nothing for running SQL, Exchange, VMs. Useful for VMM Library, or inside VM file systems.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deploy Roles and Features to Offline VHDs<\/a><\/td>\nServer Manager can add\/remove roles and features to offline VHDs, enabling you to prep a VM configuration before deployment of a VHD from the library.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DHCP Guard<\/td>\nBan DHCP traffic from rogue DHCP services running in VMs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Direct I\/O Backup<\/td>\nVMs on Cluster Shared Volumes (CSVs) can be backed up without Redirected I\/O (Mode\/Access).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Drain VMs<\/a><\/td>\nEasy host maintenance by draining VMs from a clustered host when it is paused.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dynamic Memory<\/a><\/td>\nOnce a VM has booted it can balloon down to a new Minimum Memory setting if it is underutilising the memory allocated by the Startup setting.\u00a0 Smart Paging can assist starting the VM if there is insufficient host memory to provide the Startup Amount (before ballooning down to the Minimum).\u00a0 Minimum can be reduced and maximum can be increased while a VM is running.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dynamic Quorum<\/a><\/td>\nThe default quorum choice in Windows Server 2012 Failover Clusters.\u00a0 Enables a cluster to continue working smoothly in the event of multiple host failures.\u00a0 Probably useful with Power Optimisation turned on in VMM 2012.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dynamic Virtual Machine Queue<\/a><\/td>\nDMVQ will dynamically span processing VMQ for VM n\/w traffic across more than one core. It will automatically scale up and scale down the CPU utilisation based on demand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ETW Tracing<\/td>\nThe ability to capture network events from a Hyper-V Switch for later analysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Failover Prioritisation<\/a><\/td>\nOrder the failover of VMs based on application dependencies based on high\/medium\/low\/do-not-failover priorities.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Guest Application Monitoring<\/a><\/td>\nConfigure Failover Clustering to monitor WS2012 VMs for certain events and perform a response to those actions, e.g. restart service, reboot VM, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Guest Aware NUMA<\/a><\/td>\nVirtual machines are aware of Non-Uniform Memory Architecture and can schedule processes in accordance with memory placement at the physical layer. Guest NUMA can be customised on a per-VM basis according to host architecture.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
High Availability<\/a><\/td>\nA feature of Failover Clustering, allowing a service or VM to failover from one host to another, enabling machine fault tolerance and maintenance windows with minimised service downtime.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Host Scalability<\/a><\/td>\n320 physical logical processors, up to 4 TB RAM, 2048 vCPUs, and 1024 VMs on a single host.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Administrators<\/td>\nA new local security group enables easier delegation of full Hyper-V administrative rights to that host.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Appliance<\/a><\/td>\nThis is a concept where a Cluster-in-a-Box solution is engineered to be a Hyper-V cluster-in-a-box by an OEM.\u00a0 It likely includes 3 or more NICs per server blade, JBOD (mirrored Storage Spaces), SAS expanders, and 2 Hyper-V hosts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Server 2012<\/a><\/td>\nThe free product that can be used when you don\u2019t run Windows Server VMs on the host, such as VDI or Linux guests.\u00a0 Includes all of the scalability and features of the top-end Datacenter edition.\u00a0 It does not have the licensing benefits for Windows Server guests.\u00a0 Designed to be managed remotely via GUI or PowerShell.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Extensible Switch<\/a><\/td>\nReplacing the virtual network, this programmable layer-2 virtual switch offers extensibility for partners, with products already announced by the likes of Cisco (Nexus 1000v) and 5Nine (filtering).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Manager Connect and Live Migration<\/td>\nWhen a VM live migrates, an active Connect to the VM window will follow it to the new host.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Manager Tabbed Interface<\/td>\nMore information is provided to the end user on the status of a VM using a tabbed information pane in the console.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hyper-V Replica<\/a><\/td>\nAsynchronous replication of virtual machines from one location to another, supporting VSS snapshots, failover, and IP address injection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Import VM More Reliable<\/td>\nThe VM import process doesn\u2019t require VMs to be exported.\u00a0 It can also fix up import problems.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Incremental Backup of Running VMs<\/td>\nWindows Server 2012 Hyper-V supports incremental (change only) backup of running VMs.\u00a0 Only the differences are backed up during this type of backup.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IPsec Task Offload<\/td>\nIPsecTO moves this workload from the main host\u2019s CPU to a dedicated processor on the network adapter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Live Migration<\/a><\/td>\nMove a virtual machine from one host to another. This does not require Failover Clustering or shared storage Windows Server 2012.\u00a0 Move the VM, move the VM and storage, or move the storage.\u00a0 The algorithm was enhanced to allegedly make Live Migration 70% faster than before.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Live Migration Queuing<\/td>\nLive Migrations are queued up if more than the maximum simultaneous amount are started at once.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Live Storage Migration<\/a><\/td>\nPhysically relocate a VM by first copying it and synchronising I\/O until the source and destination are identical. Can leverage Offloaded Data Transfer (ODX) in a SAN to make the process up to 90% faster.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Management OS<\/a><\/td>\nThe term used to describe the host OS, or what was previously known as the Parent Partition or Root Partition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Monitor Port<\/td>\nTurn on traffic monitoring for a specific virtual switch port (virtual NIC).\u00a0 It is not promiscuous mode.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Multi-Tenancy<\/td>\nWith features such as Network Virtualisation, PVLANs, and PORT ACLs, you can use Windows 8 Hyper-V in multi-tenant environments such as IaaS public cloud hosting.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Native 4k disk allignment<\/a><\/td>\nThis will allow disk alignment for VHDXs created on 4k sector physical disks, thus improving performance. \u00a0Almost no shipping OS currently supports this format of disk – WS2012 does. \u00a0OEMs to start transitioning to this type of disk, via 512K emulated disks with 4K sectors under the hood.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Network Virtualisation<\/a><\/td>\nThe abstraction of virtual IP address from physical IP address, allowing easier mobility of VMs across fabrics. This is a key feature of multi-tenancy.\u00a0 Uses either GRE or IP address rewrite.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NIC Teaming<\/a><\/td>\nTeam up to 32 NICs of the same speed in Windows Server 2012 (and Hyper-V) for bandwidth aggregation and network path fault tolerance (LBFO). Specify teaming mode, load balancing algorithm, and optionally VLAN binding.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Node Vote Weight<\/a><\/td>\nConfigure if a clustered Hyper-V host has a vote or not. Especially useful in multi-site clusters to disable DR site nodes from voting.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ODX<\/a><\/td>\nOffloaded Data Transfer is a feature of a SAN.\u00a0 File transfers\/copies between hosts on the SAN is done by the SAN rather than the normal network transfer.\u00a0 Will speed up the creation of fixed VHD files and Live Storage Migration on a supporting SAN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Online Disk Repair<\/td>\nWindows 8 will detect storage faults and incrementally fix them with brief delays to I\/O traffic that don\u2019t interrupt it. Should replace the need for offline chkdsk.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Port ACLs<\/a><\/td>\nSet rules based on local IP\/MAC, and remote IP (specific or network)\/MAC. Rules can meter traffic, block or allow.\u00a0 Can specify inbound, outbound, or both directions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Port Mirroring<\/td>\nCopy traffic from one NIC to another where the traffic can be analysed.\u00a0 This could be useful for IDS, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PowerShell<\/a><\/td>\nHyper-V has over 162 built-in PowerShell cmdlets. 100% of features are revealed via PowerShell and includes things not in the GUI, e.g. Port ACLs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Private VLAN<\/td>\nPVLAN is a mechanism where a VM\u2019s vNIC PVLAN port type can be set to isolated\/private\/community to control how it can communicate with other VMs on that large flat VLAN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
QoS<\/a><\/td>\nSpecify maximum limits and minimum guarantees for network communications.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Read-Only Domain Controllers<\/a><\/td>\nWS2012 Hyper-V Clusters now support the use of RODCs in branch office and DMZ scenarios.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Receive Side Coalescing<\/td>\nRSC aggregates packets from the same TCP\/IP flow into one larger packet, reducing per-packet processing costs for faster TCP\/IP processing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Receive Side Scaling<\/a><\/td>\nRSS (NIC function) allows the host network traffic processing to be shared across multiple processors.\u00a0 Enables SMB 3.0 Multichannel on a single NIC.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Redirected I\/O<\/a><\/td>\nNow uses SMB 3.0 and can leverage SMB 3.0 Multichannel and RDMA. It is used for metadata operations (very brief). Loss of storage connection also causes Redirected I\/O but now at a much faster block level.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Remote Direct Memory Access \/ SMB Direct<\/td>\nRDMA enables massive throughput of data through the network without taxing the CPU. Found in iWarp, RoCE, and Infiniband. This powers greater throughput for SMB 3.0.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Resource Metering<\/a><\/td>\nMeasure CPU, storage, network and memory on a per-VM basis. This data is stored with the VM and moves with the VM. It can be used for cross charging cloud usage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Router Guard<\/td>\nPrevent VMs from advertising themselves as routers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scale Out File Server<\/a><\/td>\nUsing CSV and a witness as features, you can create an active\/active file share failover cluster with transparent failover. This is supported for services that use large file with little metadata access, e.g. Hyper-V. In other words, you can use a file share cluster instead of a SAN for your Hyper-V cluster.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Single Root I\/O Virtualisation<\/a><\/td>\nSR-IOV allows a physical NIC to appear to be a number of physical NICs, and allows virtual machine networking to bypass the virtual switch\/management OS user mode. Virtual machines with SR-IOV can be live migrated and have guest NIC teaming.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SMB 3.0<\/a><\/td>\nFormerly known as SMB 2.2, it supports RDMA (SMB Direct) and SMB Multichannel (RSS or multiple NICs) and is in Windows Server 2012. Storage of VMs is supported on SMB 3.0. file shares if using Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V hosts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SMB 3.0 Multichannel<\/a><\/td>\nEnables multiple simultaneous data transfer streams between source and destination.\u00a0 Can use RSS over a single\u00a0 NIC.\u00a0 Can also span \u00a0multiple RSS capable\/incapable NICs, teamed or not.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SMI-S<\/a><\/td>\nSMI-S will be supported by Windows Server 2012 file servers, enabling SMB 3.0 and Scale Out File Servers to be managed by VMM 2012 in the future.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Snapshot Live Merge<\/a><\/td>\nYou do not have to shut down a VM to merge a snapshot in Windows 8, resolving a major support issue.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Storage Pools<\/a><\/td>\nAn aggregation of disks without any RAID. They can be as loosely coupled as a bunch of USB drives or a JBOD. The disks can be different sizes. A pool does not appear in Explorer. You can create Storage Spaces from Storage Pools. This is one of the storage types you could use to create a scalable and continuously available active\/active file share cluster.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Storage Spaces<\/a><\/td>\nA thinly provisioned slice of storage from a storage pool. Can be a 2-copy-mirror (Like RAID 1 in concept and performance), 3-copy-mirror, or parity (like RAID 5 in concept and performance) storage space. Can be lots of spaces in a single pool. A space is divided up into slabs across disks in the pool depending on the fault tolerance chosen. Advanced configuration allows you to choose which pool disks to use.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
System Center 2012 Service Pack 1<\/a><\/td>\nThis will add support for Windows Server 2012 and the new version of Hyper-V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thin Provisioning<\/a><\/td>\nDeploy thinly provisioned Storage Spaces, consuming only the disk that the LUN requires.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Trunk Mode<\/td>\nThe ability for a Hyper-V Switch to pass through multiple VLANs to a VM\u2019s port<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unified Tracing<\/a><\/td>\nEnables network diagnostics in the Hyper-V Extensible Switch by trapping packets.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unmap<\/a><\/td>\nSupported on VHDX and Passthrough disks, attached to Virtual SCSI or Virtual Fibre Channel, this allows de-allocated blocks to be returned to storage for thin provisioning.\u00a0 In other words: Trim.\u00a0 Happens around every 5 minutes, and will thin provision LUNs and VHDX files.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VHDX<\/a><\/td>\nThe default virtual disk type, expanding up to 64 TB, and supporting dynamic and fixed types.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Virtual Fibre Channel HBA<\/a><\/td>\nFibre Channel HBAs in the host can be virtualised and FC SAN LUNs can be mounted directly by VMs, enabling guest clusters on FC SANs.\u00a0 Requires NPIV in the SAN. \u00a0Can support guest MPIO\/DSM with multiple virtual SANs in the host and multiple vHBAs in the VM. \u00a0Probably requires OEM support for this solution.\u00a0 Support includes FCoE because it\u2019s just Fibre Channel to the VM.\u00a0 The only limit on the number of guests using this feature is FC bandwidth utilisation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Virtual Machine Converter<\/a><\/td>\nA free Accelerator tool for converting VMware virtual machines into Hyper-V virtual machines.\u00a0 It is a free alternative to System Center 2012.\u00a0 It uninstalls the VMware tools, converts the disks AND the VM configuration, and installs the Hyper-V integration components.\u00a0 GUI and command prompt driven.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Virtual Machine Scalability<\/a><\/td>\n64 virtual processors, 1 TB RAM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Virtual NIC<\/a><\/td>\nAs before, VMs can have virtual NICs.\u00a0 Now the Management OS can also have virtual NICs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Virtual SAN<\/a><\/td>\nLike a virtual network, connects Virtual HBAs to physical HBAs.\u00a0 Recommended that there is one virtual SAN (in a host) and one virtual HBA (in each VM using the SAN) per physical HBA if you want to install OEM supported MPIO\/DSM in the VM.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Virtualisation Aware Domain Controllers<\/a><\/td>\nWindows Server 2012 domain controllers are aware if they are Windows 8 Hyper-V VMs. This prevents USN rollback (VM restore or snapshot application) and enables you to clone DCs by copying VMs, using a feature called VM-Generation ID (GenID).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VP:LP Ratio<\/td>\nThe old 8:1 (server VMs) or 12:1 (VDI) limitations have been removed.\u00a0 Now you can place as many vCPUs as you want, keeping in mind the host (2048 vCPU) and VM \u00a0(64 vCPU) limits, and the capabilities of the host hardware versus the VM workloads (assess your workloads before virtualisation).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
WHEA\/RAS<\/td>\nWindows Hardware Error Architecture is hardware fault detection.\u00a0 WS2012 Hyper-V can detect hardware errors, e.g. ECC RAM degradation.\u00a0 Non-correctable memory error in a VM might cause the VM to be stopped to prevent data corruption.\u00a0 Unused memory is blocked from being used.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Windows 8 Client\u00a0hypervisor<\/a><\/td>\nHyper-V is included in Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise for free. It\u2019s the same Hyper-V as in the server, offering VM mobility and an easy introduction to Microsoft\u2019s enterprise virtualisation.\u00a0 The client version of Hyper-V requires Second Level Address Translation (SLAT)\u00a0 in the CPU (Intel EPT, AMD RVI\/NPT).\u00a0 This is not a requirement in the server version, but it is recommended.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Windows Server Backup<\/td>\nWSB in WS2012 supports backing up Hyper-V VMs on standalone hosts and on clusters with SAS, iSCSI, and FC storage.\u00a0 It does not support VSS backups of VMs on SMB file shares. Backup can be stored on USB or file shares.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Technorati Tags: Windows 8<\/a>,Hyper-V<\/a>,Virtualisation<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I\u2019m going to do my best (no guarantees) to update this page with a listing of each new WS2012 Hyper-V (and related) feature as it is revealed by Microsoft (and that I can think of). Last updated at 19:01 on September 4th, 2012.   Feature Description Affinity rules In Failover Clustering, you can set affinity … Continue reading “Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V Features Glossary”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[181,195,109],"class_list":["post-11979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hyper-v","tag-hyper-v","tag-virtualisation","tag-windows-8"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t